Thursday, 28 May 2015

Facts About People Around the World

People at a Glance

  • People have lived in the world for millions of years. Today, 6.3 billion people live on the earth.
  • The world's population grows by 100 million each year. Some 950 million people in the world are malnourished.
  • There are 106 boys born for every 100 girls.
  • The average male adult is 5'9'' tall and weighs 155 pounds. The average female adult is 5'3'' tall and weighs 125 pounds.

    People in Groups

    Aristocracy: A society or group of people ruled by the upper class.
    Democracy: A form of government in which the people hold power. People can either exercise the power or elect officials to do so.
    Gerontocracy: A society or group of people in which older people are the most powerful.
    Matriarchy: A society or group of people in which women are the most powerful.
    Oligarchy: A society or group of people in which only a few people hold power.
    Patriarchy: A society or group of people in which men are the most powerful.

    People in Families

    nuclear family is made up of parents and their children.
    An extended family includes parents, children, grandparents, and/or aunts, uncles, and cousins in the same household.
    blended family is formed when one single parent (divorced or widowed) marries another single parent.
  • Generic People

    A generic person is the name for a type of person, not a real one. These names are often used to describe different kinds of people.

    Famous Couples

    Jane and John Doe

    The Does have been around since the 1300s and are still going strong. British lawyers used the most common first names of the time—John and Jane—whenever a person's true identity was unknown, when a person wished to remain anonymous, or when the person could be almost anyone. You can find these names today on legal documents, death certificates, and hospital records.

    Mr. and Mrs. Buttinski

    This couple is always minding other people's business. They interrupt conversation rudely and offer opinions whether or not they are wanted. Mr. and Mrs. Buttinski are not well liked.

    Mr. and Mrs. Jones

    Whatever you have, the Joneses always have more. They are the envy of their neighbors, who compete with them but can never quite “keep up.”

    Mr. and Mrs. X

    People like to gossip about this couple, although they are nothing special. In fact, like their neighbors the Does, they are the perfect example of an average couple. Compared to the other generic couples, Mr. and Mrs. X are rather plain.

    Just Joe

    Joe is one of the many nicknames used when one man greets another. Mac, Jack, Bud, and Buster are others. However, Joe is the most popular, and he has many different personalities.

    The Average Joe

    These Joes all represent your everyday man-in-the-street: Average Joe, Joe Blow, Joe Bunker, Joe Schmo.

    Special Joes

    Some Joes aren't just ordinary guys.
    • Joe Bag: This Joe is stingy. He never leaves a tip (known as “bagging the tip” in hotels all over the world).
    • Joe College: This American college man loves fraternities, football games, girls, and, of course, his studies.
    • Joe Cool: This Joe thinks he's a big shot and has everybody else convinced as well. He wears the “right” clothes, goes to the “right” parties, and is usually seen hiding behind an expensive pair of sunglasses.
    • Joe Soap: No one wants to be this Joe, a slow, stupid fellow who is often the object of ridicule.
    • G.I. Joe: This Joe was a symbol of the U.S. Army during World War II. The soldiers relied completely on government issue (G.I.) goods, so they became known as G.I.'s.
    • Collecting People

      People who collect things are called by many names. Some of their names are as unusual as the items they collect.
      CollectorCollection
      ArchtophilistTeddy Bears
      BestiaristMedieval Books on Animals
      BibliophilistBooks
      BrandophilistCigar Bands
      ConchologistShells
      CopoclephilistKey Rings
      DeltiologistPostcards
      DologistBird's Eggs
      LepidopteristButterflies
      NumismatistCoins
      PhilatelistStamps
      PhilographistAutographs
      PhonophilePhonograph Records
      PlangonologistDolls
      ReceptaristRecipes
      VecturistSubway Tokens
      VexillologistBanners or Flags

      People in the World

      “When in Rome, do as the Romans do” is a famous saying about customs. But what exactly do the Romans and other people do that is so different? Where do women wear rings in their noses to show they are married, for example? Where do people greet each other with a bow rather than a handshake? Here are some other ways people behave and beautify themselves around the world.
      • In Rome, Italy, adults drink coffee standing up at a coffee bar.
      • Throughout Europe, people eat with the fork in the left hand and the knife in the right.
      • In India, women wear rings in their noses to show they are married.
      • In New Zealand, chewing gum in public is considered impolite.
      • In Russia, powerful handshakes among men are often carried to extremes.
      • In Brazil, kids do not have sleepovers.
      • In most parts of Asia, it is taboo to touch people's heads, especially those of children.
      • In Taiwan, belching after a meal is considered a compliment to the cook.
      • In Australia, pancakes are served at dinner rather than breakfast.
      • In Thailand, people do not step on their doorsills. It is believed that a spirit lives in the threshold of every home.
      • In many North African countries, children ride to school on donkeys.

      • people riding donkeys
      • In Ethiopia, both males and females of the Surma tribes shave their heads as a mark of beauty. The women wear lip plates; their lower lips are pierced and stretched as ever-larger plates are inserted over time. The larger the plate, the more appealing the woman.
      • In Japanese homes, a hot bath is prepared for the whole family at once. Members take turns soaping, scrubbing, and rinsing off outside the tub before soaking in it.
      • In France, children celebrate their name day (a saint's feast day) rather than their birthday.
      • In Bangladesh, people use their right hand when they eat or hand things to other people. They consider their left hand unclean.
      • In the Himalaya Mountains of Asia, the Apa Tanis tribal people wear black wooden nose plugs and tattoos on their chins.
      • In Taiwan, eating or drinking in the streets is considered crude.
      • In India, people do not wear shoes in the kitchen because some food is prepared on the floor.
      • In Pakistan, a bridegroom wears garlands of money given to him by his relatives on his wedding day.
      • On many Greek islands, women bake their food in a communal village oven.

(Science Article) Pluto Demoted!

Not a planet anymore



New Definition of a Planet

The International Astronomical Union (IAU) voted on an official definition of the word "planet" at their general assembly on Aug. 24, 2006. Celestial bodies must meet the following conditions in order to be classified as planets: (1) The object must be in orbit around a star, while not being itself a star, (2) the body must be massive enough for its own gravity to pull it into a nearly spherical shape, and (3) the object has cleared the neighborhood around its orbit. The last criterion is the one that led to Pluto's demotion. While the exact parameters of "clearing the neighborhood" have not been set, the other planets have either assimilated or repulsed most other objects in their orbits, and each has more mass than the combined total of everything else in its area. The same cannot be said for Pluto, which has turned out to be one of many objects in its orbit.

Pluto is Out!

Pluto's new classification is "dwarf planet," while the eight planets remaining—Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune—are planets. The dwarf planet definition mirrors the planet definition in the first two conditions. The third condition says that the object has not cleared the neighborhood around its orbit, and the fourth states that it is not a satellite. A dwarf planet does not meet the third condition of a planet, but it must meet a fourth: a dwarf planet cannot be a satellite. As a result, Pluto's satellite Charon, briefly considered as a full-fledged planet in the solar system, is back to being a moon. The term "pluton" was rejected and the name for this class will be decided upon in the future.

Others Considered for "Planethood"

The asteroid Ceres (classified a planet when first discovered in the 1800s) andEris (previously nicknamed "Xena"), both formerly under consideration for planetary status, are now out. Ceres and Eris have joined Pluto as dwarfs. The IAU also has a dozen candidate planets awaiting future designation as dwarf planets, including Sedna, Orcus, Quaoar, Varuna, Ixion—all found beyond Pluto; the asteroids Vesta, Pallas, and Hygiea; and four yet unnamed bodies (2003 EL61, 2005 FY9, 2002 TX300, and 2002 AW197).
Also defined was "Small Solar System Bodies" as all other objects except satellites orbiting the Sun. These include the asteroids, Trans-Neptunian Objects, comets and other small bodies.

Some Qoutes About Love & Life




LoVe YoU MoThEr


My mother is the most important person in my life. I have been mentioning her in almost all of the essays I write. The problem is, I cannot really express how I feel about her in just words. My mother is not my whole life, but she is a really big part of it. My whole world does not only revolve around her, but she is the most influential person who inspires me. My mother is not just another woman. She is extraordinary.
I have known her for 23 years, three months, one day and nineteen hours. I know her very well, and I had learned to love her since the day we first met. Relatives always tell me stories about my birth. They tell me how important I was to my mom. I was the foundation of her joy, strength, peace and love. She has never lied to me about my father. I do not remember asking about him. Ever since, I already knew he was in a better place. I do not remember my mom having a hard time explaining to me my situation – having no father. She was always straightforward. She explained things very simply, like she knew everything. I thank her for being simple. I thank her for telling me the truth, so that I did not need to believe a lie that would have made things easier for me. When in fact, not knowing the truth would have made things complicated.
She has taught me all I need to know to live life as a sixteen-year old teenage girl. She taught me how to feel. Well, she did not only do that. She showed me how to handle these feelings of anger, fear, guilt, joy, sadness, excitement, hate and anxiety. She also showed me how to give and take. I learned from her that giving is a lot harder than taking, but the former is much more satisfying when it is done. She told me that giving makes one happy. I am sure she is right because half of her life, she has been giving me what I need, and in spite of all that years of giving, she is happy. Though very slowly, I am learning how to give freely. Little by little
When you knew how to speak, what was your first word ? It is Mom. We have grown up in the arms of our mothers. We have grown up in the great love of our mothers. No one loves us like our mothers, no one is willing to sacrifice everything for us like our mothers. If someone asks you “Who is the best woman in your life ?”, I bet you will say it is your mother. And if someone asks me like that, my answer also is my mother.
With me, my mother is the best woman in the world. No one can replace her in my heart.  I admire my mother, I don’t know why she is always busy with daily chores, taking care of my family but she never say she is tired.
Every day, she is the first person in my family, who wakes up very early. Then, she makes breakfast for my family. When my father goes to work, I go to school, my mother stays home and does all the daily chores. When my father and I come home, there is always a delicious dinner, which is waiting for us. After the dinner, my mom washes the dishes. Sometimes, I ask her to help, but she says: “It is fine, you should go upstairs and do your homework”. Mom always wake up very early, and Mom is the last person can take a break after a busy day. I realize that without my Mom, my father and I cannot have the clean house, the delicious meal and the clothes which always iron straight. Mom gives me and my father all her love.
She loves us more than herself. Her love for us is great like the ocean, the universe and nothing can replace it. She is not only my mom, she is also my friends, my big sister, who I can share all my problems and stories in life with. When I am sad, happy or stressful, Mom is always by my side and comfort me. Sometimes, I get angry with my mom because she remind me too much things, especially they are all things I know. Then, I realize that she just wants me- her son to be good.
Making my mother cry is the worst thing, but I did. I’m a boy, and playing games is the most favorite things to do of boys. I played games everyday. Anytime, when I had free time, I played games, when I came home from school, I played games . I played until midnight, I played until I was tired and slept on my desk. My mother knew it and she always told me to stop playing and focus on studying. I said “yes” to make her feel please and then I continued to play. When you play games, you just focus on that, you forget to study, that were what happened to me. My mother didn’t know anything until my school had a parents conference. She was shocked when she saw my report. My grade was going down. She asked me why my grade went down, I was quiet and looked at her. It seemed like my mother knew the reason why. She was quiet, stared at me and sigh.
Suddenly, I saw tears from her eyes, she cried. She told me many times that I should not play games too much, I needed to focus on studying, but I ignore her advice. When she cried, I felt so sorry and guilty. I wasn’t brave enough to looked at her. Then I came to her slowly, hugged her and said: “I was sorry, mom. I knew that I had made a big mistake. I felt so sorry. Mom, please forgive me. I promised that I wouldn’t do this again. I was so sorry. I made you cry.” And she hugged me tight, she whispered: “How couldn’t I forgive you ? I was just a little disappointed, but I knew, you would know how to fix your mistake, I love you.” I cried after she said that, just a bit, but I did cry.
Mom, you gave me everything but you never ask me to pay back. You are the best, the greatest woman in this world and in my heart. I love you forever. I am happy when I have you by my side to take care of me, to protect me and to give me your love. I am happy when I am your son. In the future. I will be an successful adult in life and I can take care of myself. But in my mother’s eyes, I know that I am always her little son as I was.
                                                                                                     By :: Abdullah Bin Umar
                                                                                                 Twitter> @abdullahsany007


Beautiful Swat Valley


Attractions
Swat Valley
The magnificent Swat Valley, popularly called as Switzerland of Pakistan, is situated north of Peshawar. In ancient times it remained center of flourishing Buddhist civilization, still having its marks found at various places. Its old name was Udyana that means the land of gardens. The archeological sites and monasteries dating back to Buddhist era add to its historical charm. Surrounded by majestic mountains, Swat Valley is full of screaming rivers, lush green forests and snow-covered peaks adding to its natural attraction.

Green fruit orchards, beautiful lakes, gushing streams and a fascinating landscape make it a place worth seeing. 
Buddhist Stupas
Just 7 km from Landakai, a road goes towards Nimogram, which is further at a distance of 21 km. Nimogram is famous for its monastery on the top of a hill overlooking the whole area. Three main stupas with several other ones are also found here. These archeological sites revive the Buddhist period of this place. These structures have been built with dress stones, a mastery by the old artisans. They resemble Andan Dhery monastery situated in Dir district.
Shankardar Stupa
This Buddhist stupa, just three km from Barikot, unfolds its attractive glimpses on the right side of the road. It was approximately built between the third and the fourth centuries AD, perhaps being the only relic with its original dome still intact. On the right side of the road, nearly one and half kilometer from the stupa, large figures of Buddha carved on a rock revive memories of that once glorious period of Buddhism in this region.
Mingora
Mingora being lifeline of trade and business activity is the main central city of Swat valley adjacent to Saidu Sharif. It offers food outlets, restaurants and hotels. Locally produced items beautifully displayed at its main bazaar, shops, show rooms etc. include semi precious stones, embroidered dresses, hand woven ladies shawls, bed sheets and woodwork. Traditional ornaments and antiques are available at shops. Visitors on trips to Swat valley usually stroll its bazaars for shopping at the end of their journey. You can find emerald mines in hills northward of the town, famous worldwide for their expensive and valuable emeralds.
Saidu Sharif
Being capital city of picturesque Swat valley, Saidu Sharif is the principal seat of administration for looking after and managing regional government affairs. Several colleges, schools, government offices are situated here. A museum reflecting Buddhist era history, the tomb of Akhund of Swat are sited here along with archeological sites of Butkara Buddhist stupa.
Saidu Sharif has a small airport from which air service is regularly operating connecting it with Peshawar and Islamabad. 
Swat Museum
This museum full of Swat’s old heritage is situated between Mingora and Saidu Sharif.Gandhara Buddhist artifacts, antiques and similar articles are beautifully showcased telling the tale of once glorious era. Ancient life of this region is portrayed in shape of samples of local embroidery, jewelry, and carved wooden articles. The museum is closed on Wednesdays. 
Marghzar
About 13 km from Saidu Sharif, is sited the serene small town of Marghzar at the foot of Mount llam. Its White Marble Palace, built by ruler of Swat in the early 1940s, adds to the grandeur of this peaceful town. The palace has now been converted into a top class hotel with excellent lodging and boarding facilities. While journeying towards Swat, you can see a road turning towards Islampur, a small village famous for its medicinal plants. Wildlife is found in its forest. 
Malam-Jaba
A trip to Swat is incomplete without seeing Malam- Jaba, about 44 km from Mingora, a modern hill resort with surrounding mountains raising its natural attraction and beautiful landscape. Both outdoor and indoor recreation facilities are available. It is a newly developed resort having a four star hotel and chairlift. During peak summer, it is flocked by visitors taking respite from mid summer scorching heat in plains. A hotel complex with a mini golf course and a ski run provide good entertainment. At a height of about 2743 m above sea level, Malam-Jaba offers beautiful landscape of mountain peaks full of snow, green valleys and sprawling forests refreshing minds in a cool and more serene atmosphere generously gifted by nature.
Miandam
Encircled by mountains the picturesque tourist resort of Miandam is at a distance of about 57 km from Saidu Sharif. Surrounding mountains during the summer do not allow the sun to cast its shadows on this attractive resort making it the coolest place. A PTDC motel, few hotels and official guest houses keep this beautiful place alive in summer seasons. It provides a refreshing view of large forests, fruit orchards and flowing streams.
Madyan
Situated on the banks of surging Swat river, Madyan (1312 m above sea level) is at a distance of 57 km from Saidu Sharif. Its riverside location and cool climate make it an attractive spot with rows of shops, hotels and restaurants queued along the road. A trout hatchery adds to its fascination. Local handicrafts, embroidery and antiques are displayed at roadside shops.You can make a trip to nearby valleys from here. 
Bahrain
This riverside small town, at a distance of 66 km from Saidu sharif and just 10 km from Madyan, is most frequently visited resort because of its location on the road leading to other beautiful resorts. A humming bazaar with shops, eateries and hotels make it a popular place.
Household traditional decoration items are available at shops.

Architectural beauty is fully evident in wood-made pillars and fixtures of mosques and buildings arousing interest of visitors. Nearby valleys full of lushgreen thick jungles offer hiking on narrow mountainous paths.
Kalam
Being home town of Kohistani inhabitants, Kalam is like an earthly paradise in Swat Valley. Located at a distance of 40 km from Bahrain, Kalam is the main town of this region presenting one of the most panoramic natural beauty. The people known as Kohistanis are its original inhabitants proud of their own language and still unchanged traditions.A fascinating view of 6471m Falaksair Peak with its melting snow even during summers from Matiltan (3000m) is ecstatic. The journey is incomplete without seeing and going to Mahodand, a famous lake, about 23 km beyond Matiltan.
The picturesque Kalam provides road access to reach magnificent valleys of Ushu (2286m), Utrot (2225m) and Gabral (2286m) above sea level, where journey through green forests and beautiful view of landscape is mesmerizing. Rivers and lakes at Kalam offer good trout fishing after getting permits obtainable from the Fisheries Department. 
Lake Mahodand

At a distance of 35 km from Kalam, Lake Mahodand is a natural lake charm -wise the most attractive all over Swat region. A metalled road leads to this treasure of natural beauty and onward is a jeep track treacherously running along the edges of exceptionally green waters of swat river. The overall view is magical. Trout fishing in the lake is a favorite pastime.
Famous Lakes Of Swat Valley
Swat valley has several other natural lakes of which Kundol Dand, Khapero Dand, Dara Dand and Bisigram are the famous ones.
Climate
The best season to visit Swat is from March till October amidst pleasant weather. It is the time when the valley wakes up for tourists gracefully welcoming them amidst its magnificent mountains, meadows, forests and streams providing them perfect retreat.
Languages
Pashto and Kohistani are the commonly spoken local languages, while Urdu and English are also spoken by the people.
Shopping
Decorative household articles and colorful embroidered items are trademark of Swat valley. Embroidered table cloth, ladies shawls, mats, handicrafts, caps, wood furniture, honey are the popular items. Swat’s is famous for its precious and semi precious stones particularly its emerald.
How To Get There
Linked with Peshawar, Islamabad and Rawalpindi by road, Swat can be reached from all these three main cities. Its distance from Peshawar is 151 km. The distance from Rawalpindi via Nowshera-Mardan and Malakand Pass is 270 km. It can be reached by road from Gilgit via Besham, the main town located on Karakoram Highway passing through mighty Himalayan mountains.
Map


The seasons of the year differ in different parts of the world. In countries in the temperate zone, like England, the year is divided into four seasons Winter (December, January and February), Spring (March, April and May), Summer (June, July and August) and Autumn (September, October and November).
The winter is the cold season. The land is often covered with snow; lakes and ponds and streams are frozen; the sky is dull and cloudy, and there are frequent storms of wind and rain. All veg­etation seems to be dead; the trees are bare, the grass is brown, and all the flowers have disappeared.
In March, the climate chang­es, often suddenly. The warm, moisture-laden west wind prevails, and the air becomes warm and mild. The flowers come out, the trees put forth their new leaves, and the grass becomes green. The birds begin nesting, and the woods are full of their singing; and the farmers are busy ploughing and sowing.
With June comes the summer warm but not hot like the Indian summer and flowers and trees are at their finest. In June and July the farmers are busy making hay, and in August they begin to reap the wheat.
September and October are beautiful autumn months; the har­vesting is completed, the orchards are laden with fruit, and the leaves of the trees turn yellow and red. and begin to fall; while November is stormy and cold, and the days shorten and the nights lengthen, till winter comes round again.
In a hot country, like India, the seasons are different, and are marked not so much by differences of heat and cold, as by rain and dryness. In South India and Bengal, it is more or less hot throughout the year; but from October to June it is dry, while from June, when the monsoon breaks, there is more or less continual rain until the end of September.
In North India, there are violent extremes of heat and cold. From November to Feb­ruary is the cold season, the cold being sometimes comparatively severe. In March it begins to get hot, and the dry heat increases steadily until in June it is blazing hot, and the temperature often rises to Fahrenheit, when the monsoon breaks, and the
temperature is reduced; but it still remains hot, and the humidity in the air makes it steamy and very uncomfortable until the rain ceases. This division of seasons gives Indian farmers two harvests in the year.
They begin ploughing as soon as the monsoon rains soften the soil in July, and sow cotton and maize, which they reap in October the Kharif harvest. Then they plough again and sow wheat and other crops, which they reap about March the Rabi harvest.
The seasons are caused, of course, by the changes in the position of the earth to the sun, as it rolls round it in its yearly course.

Tourism In Pakistan


  • the tourist spots in general
  • the areas which tourists like to visit. The worth of these areas.
  • how tourism is managed and controlled. Suggestions for improvement.
The conclusion. We should have the best international standards of tourism in the country
     Pakistan is blessed with excellent tourist spots nearly all over the country. Historical places merge into natural sights in the most appealing manner. We have the sights worth-seeing at Banbhor, east of Karachi, with its famous museum. Makli in Sindh has the largest necropolis (large graveyard east of Karachi), with its famous museum. Makli in Sindh has the largest necropolis. Thatta is famous because of Makli. Moenjo-daro near Taxila, Harappa near sahiwal, the Lahore Fort, the Badshahi Mosque, Jehangir's and Nur Jehan's tombs and the Shalimar Gardens in  Lahore are famous historical sights. The Khyber pass in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa  through which conquerors from Afghanistan and Iran entered India, is a natural sight that reflects history. Murree, Ayubia , Swat , Kagan and Naran in the north and Ziarat in Balochistan are fresh and cool like open nature. Kalam and its famous Mahudan lake in north are paradisiacal in natural beauty. The Saiful-Maluk alke is close to Naran. It is the hightest lake on earth whose depth is still unknown.the beautiful mountains around it dwarf us in our human existence. Natural beauty , in all its forms , is offered by mountainous Khyber Pakhtunwa, its valleys , lakes and streams. Historical and cultural sites are found in plenty in Sindh and Punjab. 
Tourists , from within the country and abroad, like to visit the northern areas most of all. Theri scenic beauty and charm are comparable to the best in the world, say, in Swize3rland, Canada and Us . The Hunza valley in the north is close to the famous K-2 and Rakaposhi moutains, among the highest peaks Tourists stay in  motels and go on long walks, also attempting mountain climbing. the historical sites and cultural centers like tombs of famous saints and museums also attract a great number,. We find Harappa near Sahiwal.
Tourism in the country is managed by Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation. It has its offices in Lahore, Karachi, Islamabad and Abbotabad. It publishes tourism books, pamphlets and pictures of tourists visiting tourists who take them around tourists spots and explain their features.
The terrorist attacks on foreigners, especially from the western countries , has affected the tourism industry severely. Now Pakistan ranks 103 in 124 countries offering tourism facilities. The travel and hotel facilities at tourist sites are not very encouraging. then the general social, political and economic conditions have not been favorable even to the citizens. Sightseeing and tourism in Swat have been seriously effected by the war-like situation. 
The people should join the government in its efforts to crush terrorism. the government should improve the law and order situation in all possible ways. then all sorts of facilities should be provided by the government in hotels and tourists homes . we should have the best international standards of tourism in the country. With these Pakistan will become first-rate tourism country..

Wednesday, 27 May 2015

Brief Essay on Man as a Social Animal


Here is your essay on Man as a Social Animal!
Long ago, Aristotle expressed that ‘Man is essentially a social animal by nature’. He cannot live without society, if he does so; he is either beast or God. Man realises his goals, his existence in the society: he finds various ingredients in society through which he can attain the perfectness of the life. The day, he is born to the day he leaves this planet he is in the society
Man like ‘Robinson Crusoe’ can never develop his personality, language, culture and ‘inner deep’ by living outside the society. The statement that a man is a social animal implies that man cannot live without society. Society is indispensable for him. He needs society as matter of nature, necessity and for his well being. All these three implications are explained as follows:
1. Man is a social animal by nature. Man’s nature is such that he cannot afford to live alone. No human being is known to have normally developed in isolation. Maclver has cited three cases in which infants were isolated from all social relationships to make experiments about man’s social nature. The first case is of Kaspar Hauser who from his childhood until his seventeenth year was brought up in the woods of Nuremberg.
In his case it was found that at the age of seventeen he could hardly walk, had the mind of an infant and could mutter only a few meaningless phrases. In spite of his subsequent education he could never make himself a normal man.
The second case was of two Hindu children who in 1929 were discovered in a wolf den. One of the children died soon after discovery. The other child could walk only on all four, possessed no language except wolf like growls. She was shy of human being and afraid of them. It was only after careful and sympathetic training that she could learn some social habits.
The third case was of Anna, an illegitimate American child who had been placed in a room at the age of six months and discovered five years later. On discovery it was found that she could not walk or speak and was indifferent to people around her.
These cases prove that human being is social by nature. Human nature develops in man only when he lives in society, only when he shares with his fellow beings a common life. The accounts of the noble savage free from all social restraints living in woods and appeasing his appetite with the fruits are idyllic tales devoid of all historical value. Even the sadhus who have retired from worldly life live in the company of their fellows in the forest.
All this tends to show that society is something which fulfills a vital need in man’s constitution, it is not something accidentally added to or super imposed on human nature. His very existence is wielded into the fabrics of society. He knows himself and his fellow beings within the framework of society. Indeed, man is social by nature.
2. Man lives in society because necessity compels him so. Many of his needs will remain unsatisfied if he does not have the cooperation of his fellow beings. Every individual is the off- spring of a social relationship established between man and woman. The child is brought up under the care of his parents and learns the lessons of citizenship in their company.
If the newborn’ baby does not receive protection and attention by the society, he would not survive even a day. We get our needs of food, shelter arid clothing fulfilled only by living and cooperating with others. The stories of cases cited above prove that people reared among animals away from human beings remained animals in habits. The importance of society for physical and mental development is thus obvious. No one can become a human being unless he lives with human beings.
Fear of wild animal makes some seek cooperation of other; the satisfaction of food hunger, rest-hunger etc. through exchange or barter may bring some into relation; joint action and division of labour may be found necessary for the achievement of some common end which the individual alone may not be able to secure. The need for self-preservation, which is felt by every being makes a man social. Therefore, it is not due to his nature alone but also due to his necessities that man lives in society.
3. Man lives in society for his mental and intellectual development. Society preserves our culture and transmits it to succeeding generations. It both liberates and limits our- potentialities as individuals and moulds our attitudes, our beliefs, our morals and ideals.
The mind of a man without society, as feral cases show, remains the mind of an infant even at the age of adulthood. The cultural heritage directs our personality. Thus society fulfills not only our physical needs but also determines our mental equipment.
It therefore stands established beyond any doubt that man is a social animal. Man requires society as a sine qua non condition for his life as a human being. It is not one or a few particular needs or tendencies of man that compel him to live in society but without it his personality cannot come into being.
On the basis of the above discussion it may be concluded that individuals and society are interdependent. The relationship between them is not one-sided; both are essential for the comprehension of other. Neither the individuals belong to society as cells belong to the organism, not the society a mere contrivance to satisfy certain human needs. Neither the society itself has a value beyond the service which it renders to its members, not the individuals can thrive without society.
Neither the society is inimical to the development of individuality, nor it exists in its own right. In fact, both are complementary and supplementary to each other. Cooley writes: “A separate individual is an obstruction unknown to experience and individuals. Society and individuals do not denote separate phenomena but are simply collective and distributive aspects of the same thing.”
Explaining the relationship between individual and society Marcher observes: “Society with all the traditions, the institutions, the equipment it provides a great changeful order of social life, arising from the psychological as well as the physical needs of the individual, an order wherein human beings are born and fulfill themselves with whatever limitations and wherein they transmit to coming generations the requirement of living. We must reject any view of this pattern that sees the relationship between individual and society from merely one or the other side”.

Essay on Life Of Birds


The Life of Birds is a BBC nature documentary series written and presented by David Attenborough, first transmitted in the United Kingdom from 21 October 1998.
A study of the evolution and habits of birds, it was the third of Attenborough's specialised surveys following his major trilogy that began with Life on Earth. Each of the ten 50-minute episodes discusses how the huge variety of birds in the world deal with a different aspect of their day-to-day existence.
The series was produced in conjunction with BBC Worldwide Americas Inc. and PBS. The executive producer was Mike Salisbury and the music was composed by Ian Butcher and Steven Faux. It won a Peabody Award in 1999 for combining "spectacular imagery and impeccable science."
Part of Attenborough's 'Life' series of programmes, it was preceded by The Private Life of Plants (1995), and followed by The Life of Mammals (2002). Before the latter was transmitted, David Attenborough presented State of the Planet(2000) and narrated The Blue Planet (2001).

Background

In common with Attenborough's previous productions, the programmes include sequences that were filmed in many locales. The series took three years to make, involving visits to 42 countries. The subject matter had been covered before by Attenborough within Life on Earth, in an episode entitled "Lords of the Air", but now he was free to expand on it. However, by his own confession, despite being especially fascinated by one family, the birds of paradise, Attenborough was not an expert in ornithology. Nevertheless, the notion of an entire series devoted to the creatures excited him, as he would be able to not only communicate his findings to the viewing audience, but further his own knowledge as well.
From the outset, the production team were determined that the sound of birds calling and singing would not be dubbed on to the filmed pictures afterwards: it would be recorded simultaneously. To that end, meticulous care was taken not to include man-made 'noises off' from the likes of cars and aeroplanes. For one particular sequence, Britain's dawn chorus, it was important that the movement of the beak and the expelled warm air was synchronous with the accompanying song.
A trick used to entice some of the animals near the camera was to play a recording of the same species in the hope that the target would not only answer back, but investigate its source as well. This was employed in the episode "Signals and Songs", where Attenborough encouraged a superb lyrebird — one of nature's best mimics — to perform on cue. Despite such fortuity, filming on the series was not all plain sailing: in "Finding Partners", Attenborough was chased by a capercaillie, which didn't even stop when the presenter fell over.
A technique that had been previously used for The Living Planet was again called for to film greylag geese in flight. The newly hatched goslings were imprinted with a human 'mother', and, when fully grown, were able to be photographed flying alongside an open-top car.Computer animation is utilised in the first episode to illustrate extinct species, such as the terror bird and the moa.
Production was suddenly halted during a trip to New Zealand in 1997 when Attenborough's wife, Jane, died:
"The next filming trip for the Birds series was, of course, cancelled. But I could not simply abandon the series. Three quarters of the filming had been done. The film of some of the programmes had been edited but none of the commentaries had yet been written. There was a lot of work that I had to do — and I was grateful that this was so.

Episodes

"Birds are the most accomplished aeronauts the world has ever seen. They fly high and low, at great speed, and very slowly. And always with extraordinary precision and control."

— David Attenborough’s opening narration

1. "To Fly or Not to Fly?"

Being the largest bird, the ostrich(Struthio camelus) is unable to fly.
Broadcast 21 October 1998, the first episode looks at how birds first took to the skies in the wake of the insects. It begins inMexico, where Attenborough observes bats being outmaneuvered by a red-tailed hawk. Pterosaurs were the birds' forerunners, some 150 million years after dragonflies developed the means of flight, but eventually went extinct together with the dinosaurs. Birds had by then already evolved from early forms like Archaeopteryx, the first creature to possess feathers. Its ancestry can be traced through reptiles, and some current species, such as the flying lizard, possibly show paths this evolution may have taken. One of the biggest birds to have ever existed was the terror bird, which proliferated afterdinosaurs vanished and stood up to 2.5 metres tall. By comparison, the ostrich, while not closely related, is the largest and heaviest living bird. It was probably the evasion of predators that drove most birds into the air, so their flightless cousinsevolved because they had few enemies. Accordingly, such species are more likely to be found on islands, and Attenborough visits New Zealand to observe its great variety, most especially the kiwi. Also depicted is the moa, another huge creature that is now gone. The takahē is extremely rare, and high in the mountains of New Zealand, Attenborough discovers one from a population of only 40 pairs. Finally, another example on the brink of extinction is the kakapo, which at one point numbered only 61 individuals. A male is heard calling — an immensely amplified deep note that can be heard at great distances from its nest.

2. "The Mastery of Flight"

Broadcast 28 October 1998, the second programme deals with the mechanics of flight. Getting into the air is by far the most exhausting of a bird's activities, and Attenborough observes shearwaters in Japan that have taken to climbing trees to give them a good jumping-off point. The albatross is so large that it can only launch itself after a run-up to create a flow of air over its wings. A combination of aerodynamics and upward air currents (or thermals), together with the act of flapping or gliding is what keeps a bird aloft. Landing requires less energy but a greater degree of skill, particularly for a big bird, such as a swan. Weight is kept to a minimum by having a beak made of keratin instead of bone, a light frame, and a coat of feathers, which is maintained fastidiously. The peregrine falcon holds the record for being fastest in the air, diving at speeds of over 300 km/h. Conversely, the barn owl owes its predatory success to flying slowly, while the kestrel spots its quarry by hovering. However, the true specialists in this regard are the hummingbirds, whose wings beat at the rate of 25 times a second. The habits of migratorybirds are explored. After stocking up with food during the brief summer of the north, such species will set off on huge journeys southwards. Some, such as the snow goose, travel continuously, using both the stars and the sun for navigation. They are contrasted with hawks and vultures, which glide overland on warm air, and therefore have to stop overnight.

3. "The Insatiable Appetite"

Broadcast 4 November 1998, the next installment focuses on dietary needs and how different species have evolved beaks to suit their individual requirements. The latter come in a multitude of forms. Blue tits and goldfinches have beaks akin to tweezers, with which to extract seeds, while the hawfinch's razor-like bill can deal with a cherry-stone. However, the crossbill is the only finch that can twist its mandibles in opposite directions. Jays store acorns for winter by burying them in the ground, whereas woodpeckers can keep up to 60,000 of them in one tree trunk. Sap is also desirable, and there are a variety of methods used to obtain it. The hoatzin is the only specialised leaf-eater, and accordingly has a digestive system more akin to that of cattle. Plants recruit birds to aid pollination, and offer nectar as a reward. hummingbirds eat little else, and the sword-bill's beak is the longest of any bird in relation to its body. Insects are also highly prized, and Galápagos finches are shown to possess some ingenuity as they not only strip bark, but also use 'tools' to reach their prey. Crows are hailed as being among the most intelligent birds, and one is shown using a twig to spear a grub within a fallen log. The robin is an opportunist, and Attenborough observes one seizing morsels as he digs a patch of earth. In South America, a cattle tyrant sits atop an obliging capybara and uses its vantage point to spot passing food that may be dislodged by its grazing partner.

4. "Meat-Eaters"

The lammergeier or bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) feeds mainly on bone marrow, dropping bones from great heights to crack them.
Broadcast 11 November 1998, this episode examines those birds whose sustenance comes from flesh and their methods of hunting. In New Zealand, Attenborough observes keasparrots that do not eat meat exclusively, raiding a shearwater's burrow for a chick. However, it is the dedicated birds of prey, such as owlsbuzzardseaglesfalcons and vultures, to which much of the programme is devoted. In order to spot and pursue their victims, senses of sight and hearing are very acute. Vultures are the exception, in that they eat what others have left, and once a carcass is found, so many birds descend on it that the carrion seems submerged beneath them. The turkey vulture is an anomaly within its group, as it also has a keen sense of smell. Eagles defend their territory vigorously, and a pair of sea eagles are shown engaging in an aerial battle. TheGalápagos hawk hunts marine iguanas, but can only do so when its quarry is vulnerable, during the breeding season. TheAfrican harrier-hawk has adapted to extracting burrowing animals by virtue of an especially long, double-jointed pair of legs. By contrast, a shrike is not equipped with the requisite sharp beak and talons needed for butchery, and so dismembers its kill by impaling it on the thorns of acacias. The lammergeier eats bones, and will drop them on to rocks from a great height in order to break them down to a digestible size. Also featured are the Eurasian sparrowhawkgoshawk and peregrine falcon.

5. "Fishing for a Living"[edit]

Broadcast 18 November 1998, the next programme details river and ocean dwellers. The dipper swims completely below water to search for food, whereas thekingfisher uses a 'harpoon' technique, diving from a vantage point. However, the darter uses a combination of both methods, stalking its prey underwater before spearing it. By contrast, the reddish egret uses a kind of dance to flush out the aquatic inhabitants. Skimmers have different-sized mandibles, the lower one being used to skim the water's surface for small fish. Ducks have developed an assortment of angling skills. Some dabble, like the mallard, while others are of a more streamlined design and are at home underwater, such as the merganserWaders, which specialise in feeding on mud flats at low tide, include avocetsgodwits,dowitchers and sanderlings. The pelican feeds in groups, their pouch-like bills being more successful when used collectively. Boobies fish in the open ocean and are shown dive-bombing shoals en masse. Attenborough visits Lord Howe Island, off Australia, and by imitating the calls of various birds, invites a group of curiousProvidence petrels — which are indigenous — to investigate. Because there are no humans in their habitat, they are a very trusting species, as Attenborough discovers when one perches on his hand. Out on a seemingly empty area of ocean, the presenter is able to fill it with various sea birds within seconds, simply by throwing fish oil on to the water.

6. "Signals and Songs"[edit]

Broadcast 25 November 1998, this installment describes ways of communicating. A colony of fieldfares in Sweden deters a raven from raiding a nest by collectively raising an audible alarm. However, in an English wood, all species co-operate to warn each other surreptitiously of approaching danger. By contrast, a sunbittern is shown expanding its plumage to discourage a group of marauding hawks. The members of the finch family exemplify how colour aids recognition. Birds have excellent colour vision, and the feathers of many species react to ultraviolet light. Flocking birds, such as sparrows, also have a 'ranking system' that determines seniority. In Patagonia, Attenborough demonstrates the effectiveness of sound: he summons a Magellanic woodpecker by knocking on a tree. The nature of tropical rainforests means that their occupants tend to make much louder calls than those in other habitats, and several such species are shown. Saddlebacks vary their calls so that even individuals from different areas can be identified. The dawn chorus provides a mystery, as there is still much to learn about why so many different birds sing together at the same time of day. (Proclaiming territory or attracting mates are two likely reasons.) Finally, Attenborough introduces the superb lyrebird as one of the most versatile performers: it is a skilled mimic, and this particular one imitates not only other species, but also cameras, a car alarm and a chain saw.

7. "Finding Partners"[edit]

A male great frigatebird (Frigata minor) nesting on Genvoesa in the Galapagos.
Broadcast 2 December 1998, this programme discusses mating rituals. If a male bird is on the lookout for a partner and has a suitable nest, it must advertise the fact, either by its call, a visual display or both. The frigatebird provides an example of the latter, with its inflated throat pouch. The hornbill's courtship, among that of many others, also runs to the offer of a gift. For some species, dancing can also be an important component, and grebes are shown performing a pas de deux. The cock-of-the-rock, which dances solo within a group, is contrasted with the team performance of the manakin. Once trust has been established between a pair, mutual preening can follow. After mating, the individuals usually remain together to rear their eventual family. In this regard, the rhea and the phalarope are highlighted as unusual because in both instances, it is the male that incubates the eggs. Some females judge a prospective companion on its nest-building ability, and this is a conspicuous part of the weaver's behaviour. The bowerbird puts on one of the most elaborate displays: a hut-like construction, completed by a collection of objects designed to impress. Competition among males can be fierce and in Scotland, Attenborough observes rival capercaillies engaging in battle — after one of them chases the presenter. Avian polyandry is not widespread, but is illustrated by the superb fairy-wren, where the male's family can easily comprise young that it did not father.

8. "The Demands of the Egg"[edit]

Broadcast 9 December 1998, this episode explores the lengths to which birds will go to ensure that their chicks are brought into the world. Attenborough begins on an island in the Seychelles, where sooty terns, which have hitherto spent their lives on the wing, have landed to lay their eggs. This is a necessity for birds, as eggs are too heavy to be borne in the air for any considerable length of time. It is imperative that nests are kept as far away from predators as possible, and unusual locations for them are shown, such as: behind the water curtain of Iguazu Falls in South America (as chosen by swifts), cliffs on Argentina's coast favoured by parrots, an ants' nest occupied by a woodpecker, and a tree hole inside which a female hornbill seals itself. Eggs require warmth, and some nests are insulated by the owners' feathers, others from ones found elsewhere. External temperatures dictate how the eggs are incubated. The snowy owl has to do so itself, because of its habitat; however, the maleo is able to take advantage of solar heating. The amount of eggs laid also varies: for example, the kiwi lays just one, whereas the blue tit will deposit many. Their mottled surface serves to camouflage them. Birds that steal eggs include toucans and currawongs. A number of strategies are employed to deter the thieves, as illustrated by the yellow-rumped thornbill, which builds a decoy nest atop its actual one, and the plover, which distracts marauders by feigning injury.

9. "The Problems of Parenthood"

Broadcast 16 December 1998, the penultimate installment concentrates on the ways in which birds rear their offspring. Having successfully incubated their eggs, the moment arrives when they hatch — and then the real challenge begins: feeding the chicks. Lapland buntings and dippers are shown doing so virtually non-stop throughout the day. The Gouldian finch has a further problem in that its tree-hollow nest is dark inside, so its young have conspicuous markings inside their mouths for identification. Grebes are fed feathers with which to line the stomach, and so protect it from fish bones. Coots and pelicans are among those that turn on their own and force death by starvation if there is insufficient food. The European cuckoo tricks other species into raising its chick, but it is by no means alone in doing this. Protecting a family is also a priority, and brent geese are shown nesting close to snowy owls as a means of insurance, but as soon as the eggs hatch, they and their young must flee to avoid giving their neighbours an easy meal. The million or so sooty terns in the Seychelles prove that there is safety in numbers and the nearby predatory egrets have little success when attempting to steal. The behaviour of Arabian babblers is more akin to that of a troop of monkeys: they do everything for the benefit of a group as a whole. Eventually the day will come when flight beckons, and the grown bird will leave the nest to start a family of its own.

10. "The Limits of Endurance"

The orange-bellied parrot(Neophema chrysogaster) is a critically endangered species.
Broadcast 23 December 1998, the final programme investigates the challenges that must be surmounted if birds are to survive. The sandgrouse is a species that has adapted to desert living: its breast feathers are capable of absorbing water, which it can pass on to its young. The crab plover also nests in the sand, and burrows until it finds a comfortable temperature. Birds that choose remote places can proliferate hugely, like the flamingos on an African soda lake. Meanwhile, during winter, the entire world population of spectacled eiders can be found in just a few assemblies on patches of the Arctic Ocean. The city is a relatively recent habitat, but many have become accustomed to it, such as the American black vulturesin São Paulo. In Japan, crows have learned to crack nuts by dropping them on to pedestrian crossings — and waiting for the traffic to stop before collecting them. In North Americapurple martins have become totally dependent on humans for their nest sites. Attenborough highlights man's influence by describing the Pacific island of Guam, whose bird population was wiped out following the accidental introduction of brown tree snakes during the 1940s. Examples of species that were hunted to extinction are the huia, the great auk and, most famously, the dodo. However, there are conservation efforts being made, such as those for Australia's orange-bellied parrot, the pink pigeon and the echo parakeet (the latter two both of Mauritius).